Gwen Harwood Essay

Gwen Harwood’s poetry is steeped in Romantic traditions and is underpinned by humanist concerns. My personal interpretation is that Harwood’s poetry engages readers through its poetic treatment of loss and consolation as well as its exploration of universal themes about human existence and the processes of life. Harwood’s poetry validates the consoling influence of childhood experiences upon adult development evident in ‘At Mornington’ which explores one sense of loss and consolidation experienced in the cycle of life from birth to death. Harwood explores one transitory nature of life in her lyrical poem ‘The Violets’, revealing the way in which memory can illustrate past experiences that will resonate in the present offering consolation. Furthermore Harwood’s poetry is characterised by an over-arching existential quest for meaning and consolation as experienced through her exploration of love in ‘A Valediction.’ Whilst the notion that Harwood’s poetry engages readers through its poetic treatment of loss and consolation resonates with my own interpretation of her poems, readers are also engaged through Harwood’s exploration of universal truisms. A contemplation of human existence and one way in which one cycle of life is characterised by loss and consolation as a pervading theme throughout Harwood’s poetry. In ‘At Mornington’ past, present and future experiences are united through the poems fragmented structure and poetic treatment experiences of loss of naivety and consolation in order to encapsulate the cycle of life characteristic of one human experience. Furthermore, Harwood uses biblical allusions â€Å"secure in my father’s arms† to convey the universality of human existence, engaging the reader. The poem begins in the persona’s past with her childhood innocence and naivety, which is conveyed in her belief in her own invincibility. â€Å"I remember believing as a child I could walk on water.† Harwood’s use of biblical imagery evokes the idea of  Jesus walking on water and the consoling effect this had on the speaker’s childhood self, to represent her naà ¯ve, childish outlook. This water imagery becomes a sustained motif. The speaker draws on the image of the â€Å"flood† on which â€Å"memories of early childhood are born† through a contemplative tone of spiritual replenishment as she â€Å"stands among avenues of the dead,† engaging the reader through the poetic treatment of both loss and consolation. In accordance with the Romantic tradition, the speaker acknowledges the restorative capabilities of the natural elements conveyed in the image of a â€Å"pitcher of water† which becomes a metaphor for replenishment and revitalisation. As the poem shifts to the present tense, the reader is further engaged as the persona finds herself in a graveyard and coming to terms with the death and loss of a loved one. The persona comes to a peaceful acceptance of life’s transience and her own mortality as she acknowledges the inevitable passage of time â€Å"that brings us to that time of our lives where our bones wear us† offering her a sense of consolation. The poem concludes with a projection into the future, with the existential tone â€Å"no hand will save me† evoking the realisation that death and loss is one inevitable end of the cycle. Harwood’s poem ‘At Mornington’ engages readers through its poetic treatment of loss and consolation and the way in which these themes recur throughout the cycle of life. Harwood’s poems elucidate themes of memory and recollection, highlighting the way these transcend time, death and loss and eventually offer consolation. In one nostalgic poem ‘The Violets’ the speaker revisits a seminal childhood experience that affirms adult perspectives and engages the reader by identifying the importance of memories of filial love in sustaining the adult self, providing consolation. The child’s naà ¯ve question â€Å"Where has morning gone?† emphasises the power of dreams to distort time and evokes the speaker’s sense of loss. The child’s loss is countered by the memory of her parents’ unconditional love. The use of enjambment creates a sense of continuity as the violets transport the speaker back to a time when she was lovingly comforted, thus continually engaging the reader. The maternal image of the mother who â€Å"dried my tearful face† and the visual image of â€Å"stroking, golden brown hair† conveys the tenderness of this memory. Through the  recurring motif of the â€Å"violets in our loamy bed† Harwood shifts between past and present experiences of loss and consolation. Literary critic Elizabeth Lawson suggests â€Å"identifying its ability to control moment s in time by transforming consciousness of the present.’ The speaker realises that although memories are â€Å"ambiguous† and time can be â€Å"stolen†, ultimately, as is portrayed in the personification â€Å"Years cannot move the lamplit presences† of her childhood. The poem concludes with a final natural image of â€Å"the faint scent of violets drifts in the air† conveying the persona’s awareness that the memories of her parents’ love transcends the power of death. In ‘The Violets’ Harwood’s poetic treatment of loss and consolation through the motif of the violets engages the reader on an emotional level. The theme of love and its permanent, passionate nature resonates within Harwood’s poetry, engaging readers through its poetic treatment of the experiences of loss and consolation associated with love. Similar to ‘At Mornington’ which expresses one cycle of life and the acceptance of its inevitable processes, ‘A Valediction’ expresses the journey of maturation through reflection that leads the speaker from adolescent sentimentality to an appreciation of the enduring nature of love. The intertextual reference to John Donne in the poems title foreshadows the exploration and poetic treatment of the experience parting from a loved one and the emotional repercussions of this loss. The persona’s adolescent sentimentality is evoked through her ritual of seeking solace in her anthology of Donne’s poetry. The memories of her youth are metaphorically â€Å"inked in with aches from adolescence.† Harwood explores the nature of love in her representation of two significant female figures and it is from their contrasting reactions to their experiences of love that informs the persona’s more mature perception of love and loss. One the one hand, Harwood gives representation Salome, whose indifference to the grand passion of love is conveyed in the flippant tone of her comment â€Å"whether I kissed Nietzche on Monte Sacro I find I do not now remember.† On the other hand, Harwood depicts Saint Therese, a nun who dedicated her life to selfless love as conveyed in the sentimental tone of her comment â€Å"when I love it is forever.† Harwood’s juxtaposition of these women’s perspectives on love highlights the folly of both ideals and consolidates the persona’s understanding that it is  rationalism and moderation that offer the most valued appreciation of love. The persona’s direct address â€Å"dear ladies shall we meet half way between sanctity and liberation?† conveys her awareness that there should be a balance between disinterest oversentimentality. The poem concludes with an idyllic scene that encapsulates the persona’s sense of contentment and maturity beyond her emotional angst. â€Å"let me walk at sunset in the pasture feeding my geese† engages the reader through the poetic treatment of loss and consolation as it is associated with the theme of love. Modernist poet Gwen Harwood adheres to the literary conventions of the Romantics in her anthology of poems, employing poetical devices and form to give expression to the themes of loss and consolation as well as other timeless themes. Harwood continues to engage readers through her exploration of universal themes of human existence evident in ‘At Mornington’, ‘The Violets’ and ‘A Valediction.’

Human Growth And Development Essay

Week One: Themes in Development: Physical: During this stage the child is learning to crawl and walk. Social/Cultural: The child recognizes his/her parents as safe people. Environmental: Improving socials skills, developing friendships, improving self-confidence, and aiding the care giver. Developmental: A central task of adolescence is to develop a sense of oneself as an autonomous individual.  The drive for such autonomy derives from the internal, biological processes marking the transition to a more adult role (puberty and increasing cognitive maturity) and from the shifts in social roles and expectations that accompany these underlying physiological and cognitive changes. Spiritual: It is difficult to identify the infant’s spiritual needs because of their limited ability to communicate on a linguistic level. However, positive experiences of love and affection, and a stimulating environment may foster aspects of spirituality such as hope and security in an infant. Young children encompass the first three stages of Spiritual Development. Intellectual: This stage is essential for determine the learning pattern of the child. This stage the child also learns problem solving skills. Emotional: Growing in a safe and happy environment is also crucial for your child’s long-term development. The more exposure to these activities, the better developed your child’s brain and neural systems will be in coping with what life has to offer. Overall Reflection: A stage is a period of time, perhaps several years, during which a person’s activities (at least in one broad domain) have certain characteristics in common† (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). This model really says that people develop at different level and stages. Being a teacher I can agree with this theory. I can tell a change with 7th graders that I teach and see some maturity from the beginning of the year to the end of the year. In the incremental model development is seen as a change that is made gradually over time. This is a contrast to the stage model which views change as abrupt. (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) Both the incremental and the multidimensional model believe that change takes place more gradually and continuously. (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) I think that the life wheel can help explain how as human throughout our lives we evolve over time throughout our lives. It also can show at different parts of our lives we focus on one or more aspects of the life wheel. Reference: Broderick, P.C., & Blewitt, P. (2010). The life span: Human development for helping professions (3rd ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Week Two: The Early Years: Physical: When a child is born they begin developing strength from large muscles to small muscles. When children are young they need to do many activities to strengthen their large and small muscles. Something I realized is that muscle skill development and maintaining healthy body are essential in life later for reading, writing and math. Social/Cultural: In this stage the child develop a sense of self and a sense of belonging to a family. They begin interacting with other children and they also play in stages (playing alone, playing near others but not really playing with them, not wanting to share, playing and sharing, and playing with a purpose). This stage is also were the child also learn to respect the rights and feelings of others. Environmental: A child’s environment plays a big role in their development. Exposure to different forms of activities that exercise the analytical and creative sides of the brain are important. Developmental: (Week 1-3 only: Reflection may i nclude characteristics of this stage) Spiritual: The pre-stage is infancy before & language and conceptual thought. Sometime between two and seven a child enters intuitive/projective faith marked by the rise of imagination, but lacks logic for questioning perceptions or fantasies. Next, children progress into mythic/literal faith. Here the child develops a way of dealing with the world and making meaning that now criticizes and evaluates the previous stage of imagination and fantasy. Intellectual: When a child is the brain is ready to learn and receive information. In essence the brain is like a computer, it has great potential for development. Having a great childhood greatly influences the way the child develops. Emotional: Doing this period the child will realize that the world does not revolve around them. They learn to trust and mistrust others. As toddlers, they become proud of things they accomplish and begin stating their opinions and desires. They also begin to learn to be away from their parents and they will often times participate in the classroom. They also begin to solve issues that may arise with others using words. They often control their angry and they learn that it is okay to make mistakes. Overall Reflection: After reading about development through the early years, I think that emotional and environmental developments are the most vital during this period. When we are first conceived the environment is the number factor influencing us. Piaget believed that the mind creates  its own knowledge. â€Å"This constructivist stance takes the child to be an active participant in the learning process, constantly seeking out and trying to make sense of new information.† (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) If you look at it from this point of view this is where teachers play an important part in making things catch the attention of students and making it reach them. New research is becoming available often over infant memory and recognition (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). This is true in the way that the environment plays a major role in the development process; children are a product of their environment. The belief and behaviors of children are passed down from generation to generation. There are several things that I find myself doing that both my mother and father do. I have read research that says expectant mothers that read to their infants while in the womb have smarter children. Erik Erickson believed that the early years of a child’s life were important to their emotional well-being (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). He had stated that the child should be nurtured, loved, and handled well to grow into an optimistic well rounded person (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010) This is a very true being a teacher I see that the students that have parents that are active and show that they care and support their child they care have the most well rounded students that I teach. While the students that have the parents that are focused on other things those students are not as much well rounded and willing to think outside of the box. Reference: Broderick, P.C., & Blewitt, P. (2010). The life span: Human development for helping professionals. (3rd ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Week Three: Middle Childhood through Early Adolescence: Physical: During the middle years, the child’s growth rate is somewhat slower than in previous years, and certainly less rapid than the growth anticipated during adolescence. These changes contribute to the child’s growing sense of competence in relation to his physical abilities and enhance his potential for participating in sports, dance, gymnastics, and other physical pursuits. Social/Cultural: A central task of adolescence is to develop a sense of  oneself as an autonomous individual. The drive for such autonomy derives from the internal, biological processes marking the transition to a more adult role (puberty and increasing cognitive maturity) and from the shifts in social roles and expectations that accompany these underlying physiological and cognitive changes. Compared to children under age 10, teenagers are given new opportunities to experience independence outside of the home. They spend much more unsupervised time with peers which (compared to adult-child relationships) are relatively equal in terms of interpersonal power and authority. At the same time, however, they continue to rely on the support and guidance offered by adults in the family, in school, and in community-based programs or activities. Environmental: The environmental changes that students experience as they move into middle-grade schools are particularly harmful in that they emphasize competition, social comparison, and self-assessment at a time when the adolescent’s focus on himself or herself is at its height. The junior high school’s emphasis on discipline and teacher control, and its limited opportunities for student decision making, come at a time in development when adolescents are beginning to think of themselves as young adults who are becoming more responsible and deserve greater adult respect. A poor â€Å"fit† between the early adolescent and the classroom environment increases the risk of disengagement and school problems, especially for those early adolescents who were having difficulty succeeding in school academically prior to this school transition. Developmental: A central task of adolescence is to develop a sense of oneself as an autonomous individual. The drive for such auto nomy derives from the internal, biological processes marking the transition to a more adult role (puberty and increasing cognitive maturity) and from the shifts in social roles and expectations that accompany these underlying physiological and cognitive changes. Compared to children under age 10, teenagers are given new opportunities to experience independence outside of the home. They spend much more unsupervised time with peers which (compared to adult-child relationships) are relatively equal in terms of interpersonal power and authority. At the same time, however, they continue to rely on the support and guidance offered by adults in the family, in school, and in community-based programs or activities. Spiritual: Part of the child’s development as an individual includes an emerging understanding of the life  cycle—of birth, growth, aging, and death. There is an increasing awareness that life fits into a larger scheme of relationships among individuals, groups of people, other living creatures, and the earth itself. School-age children become keenly interested in these topics, especially when confronted with personal experiences such as the birth of a sibling or the death of a grandparent. As children experience these even ts and learn to view their personal encounters as part of a larger whole, families and communities provide important structure. They define value systems that provide children with basic principles and encourage them to examine their personal actions in light of their impact on those around them. Intellectual: The most important cognitive changes during early adolescence relate to the increasing ability of children to think abstractly, consider the hypothetical as well as the real, consider multiple dimensions of a problem at the same time, and reflect on themselves and on complicated problems. There is also a steady increase in the sophistication of children’s information-processing and learning skills, their knowledge of different subjects, their ability to apply their knowledge to new learning situations, and their awareness of their own strengths and weaknesses as learners. These higher-order cognitive abilities help adolescents regulate their learning and behavior better to accomplish more complicated and elaborate tasks. Emotional: Children in this period need both the freedom of personal expression and the structure of expectations and guidelines that they can understand and accept. Opportunities to interact with other children during this period without excessi ve adult interference is important, although some neighborhoods or living arrangements restrict these chances. At the same time, children need to have positive interactions with adults, reinforcing their sense of self-esteem, self-worth, and belief in their capability of personal success Overall Reflection: Adolescence and middle childhood, although a time for exploration and the excitement of freedom and gaining maturity, is also a time of struggle when teens work endlessly to identify themselves and come to terms with forthcoming adulthood and separation from family (Berger, 2008). Changes in the intensity of peer relationships help the adolescents in self-discovery and surmount the difficulties of their heightened sense of self. Peer pressure supports the adolescent, although the choice of friends can be either a help  or a hindrance depending on the interests of the peers. Adolescence is a time of self-centeredness and self-consciousness when peer pressure can be immense. As teens face social pressures that include experimentation with drugs and other substances, sexuality, and a changing perspective on relationships, their strong social network and the guidance of familial alliances are powerful relationships that mitigate stress during this time. These stages of development include significant changes physically, mentally, and emotionally. The choices made by individuals during these stages have both positive and negative consequences for the individual, his or her peers, and his or her families. Adolescence begins when a flood of hormones triggers pubert y, usually between the age of 10 and 14. The release of sex-specific hormones of androgens and estrogens by the gonads produce physical and psychological changes. Maturation and increased efficiency of organs and muscles follow a major growth spurt (Berger, 2008). Reference: Berger, K. S. (2008). The developing person through the life span (7th ed.). New York: Worth Week Four: Young to Middle Adulthood: Physical: In this stage young adults complete the process of physical maturation, usually attaining full adult height. Secondary sexual characteristics, such as size of penis and breasts, are completed. Your organs and systems are all operating at peak efficiency in young adulthood, roughly ages 21 to 39. Your body has grown, and your physical potential is set. You can take advantage of that by eating correctly and by working out to get stronger. This is the time in life when you can reach your peak physically. The growth spurt that came during puberty set the ground work for what you are capable of becoming as a young adult. Your body will respond to activities such as running, cardio training, weight training and diet more predictably during young adulthood than it could when you were in puberty. Social/Cultural: Some of the social changes include divorce, changes in  employment (either reaching the peak of career or being unemployable for being â€Å"overqualified†), caring for elderly relatives, and difference in parental responsibilities (either taking them on for later life parents or starting over for some empty nest parents). Environmental: The first major group includes young adults who move early into forming their own families and invest little in post-secondary education. Doing this period the young adult moves out of their parents home and begin to start their own home. Leaving the parental home to establish one’s own residence, establishing financial independence, completing school, moving into full-time employment, getting married, and becoming a parent are considered key markers of adulthood (Booth, Crouter, and Shanahan, 1999). Occupational (Week 4 and 5): During this stage young adults move into adult roles and responsibilities and may learn a trade, work, and/or pursue higher education. They identify career goals and prepare to achieve them. Spiritual: Intellectual: In this stage of life adults fully understand abstract concepts and are aware of consequences and personal limitations. Often times they secure their autonomy and build and test their decision making skills. Often they develop new skills, hobbies, and adult interests. Emotional: Doing this stage of life children become adults, they move into adult relationships with their parents. They begin to see their friends as a less important and begin to think for themselves. They are more empathetic and have greater intimacy skills. Carry some feelings of invincibility. Establish lasting self image and begin to feel self-worth. Overall Reflection: Middle adulthood is a complex time period that requires a multidimensional outlook to understand all of the processes and changes that are taking place. The many changes during middle adulthood include physical, cognitive and social differences. During middle adulthood biological and physical changes become apparent. During this time visual perception, hearing and the reproductive system decline. Adults who have never worn glasses or contact lenses may start needing visual correction. During this time adults may also need more light to see than their younger friends. However, the actual time when one is considered an adult varies  from theorists to theorists and can range anywhere from 18 to 25 years of age (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). There are also cognitive changes during middle adulthood. There is a mixed pattern of positive and negative changes in cognitive abilities. Processing speed starts to decrease during this time period however crystallized thought d oes not decline until older age Working memory begins to decline however semantic memory continues to increase as we learning throughout our older years. Theorists such as Schaie, Erikson, Vaillant, Levinson, Jung, Gould, and soon have all described stages or phases in life- task change (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). Theorist have shown that all adults seem to go through the same stages of changes in middle adulthood (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). Reference: Broderick, P.C., & Blewitt, P. (2010). The life span: Human development for helping professionals. (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:Pearson Education, Inc. Week Five: Late Adulthood: Physical: Often times the person become less active and the health begin declining. Sometimes at this age you will find older people that are very active and in better shape than some of the younger adults. Social/Cultural: The person has friends that they spend most of their time with and are very comfortable with the person that they are. Environmental: Often times at this age you will find older parents living at home with their students or either in a personal care home. Occupational (Week 4 and 5): Doing this stage in life the person has either retired from the career or job. Sometimes you will find older adults retired but working part time to remain active in not settle with the end of life. Spiritual: Most older adults often face many losses as they age, so doing the lifetime they often turn to religion and to spirituality as ways to handle their losses. A lot of older adults can often quote spirituals from the bible. Intellectual: Doing this stage the mind gets weaker. They become unable to react quickly, or solve puzzles quickly than they could when they were younger. They don’t think less, just become slower Emotional: Sometimes in this age the older  adult is faced with depression since they often have faced many losses be that from children, spouses, and/or friends. Overall Reflection: Erikson felt that much of life is preparing for the middle adulthood stage and the last stage is recovering from it. Perhaps that is because as older adults we can often look back on our lives with happiness and are content, feeling fulfilled with a deep sense that life has meaning and we’ve made a contribution to life, a feeling Erikson calls integrity. Our strength comes from a wisdom that the world is very large and we now have a detached concern for the whole of life, accepting death as the completion of life. Aging starts during the middle adult stage then it will continue to intensify until the person reaches the end. As aging progress, the body also progress, we slowly die as our neurons in the brain die, and our skins sag. Aging is inevitable it happens to everybody, we suggest that we should be happy up to the last day we live and not live in the stage of Erikson, which is the despair. Maintaining good health becomes more challenging with age, as the immune system becomes progressively less effective†¦and as the cardiovascular, respiratory, and organ systems function less adequately† (Broderick & Blewitt, 2010). On the other hand, some adults may reach this stage and despair at their experiences and perceived failures. They may fear death as they struggle to find a purpose to their lives, wondering â€Å"Was the trip worth it?† Alternatively, they may feel they have all the answers (not unlike going back to adolescence) and end with a strong dogmatism that only their view has been correct. Reference: Broderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2010). The life span: Human development for helping professionals (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc. FINAL COURSE REFLECTION: This course overall was a good course. This course gave me insight to life changes that we all go through over the course of their lives. The course also reflects over the age group I am currently teaching and as to why they are acting the way they do. I like the flow of the course and the things that it emphasized on.

Analysis of Information Technology in Dentistry †MyAssignmenthelp

In this essay we are going to discuss about the ICE policies. The ICT policies is been discussed with regard to a developing country in Latin America. The country chosen over here is Uruguay. The ICT policies are chosen because it is an important roadmap for implementing the strategies of ICT. It exhibits the action that is too pursued as well as adopted by government to solve problems in ICT regarding access as well as civil liberties. Therefore this topic is interesting as well as it can enhance the knowledge of the most important aspect of ICT which is the policies regarding it.   Ã‚  The Oriental Republic of Uruguay is a South American country, situated among Argentina and Brazil. Montevideo is its capital and the nation is formally confined into nineteen states. Uruguay is as yet exceptional for its high capability rate, unlimited urban common laborers, moved direction and institutionalized reserve funds systems and by and large even compensation flow, regardless of the debilitating of some social conditions all through the latest numerous times of the twentieth century (Kozma & Vota, 2014). Uruguay's economy is portrayed by a passage orchestrated provincial region, a particularly arranged workforce, and a lot of expenses socially. Since 2004, in the course of sensible macroeconomic organization and abetted by great conditions in abroad, its financial status has been creating at a typical of 8% consistently (CIA, 2009). This money related improvement and the social courses of action completed by the organization have reinforced a reducing in desperation (from 33% in 2002 to 21.7% in July 2008) and unemployment (from 20% in 2002 to 7.6% in 2008). Regarding structure of the ICT division, there is an alternate media correspondences controller, and the category of the standard settled telephone head is that it is openly asserted (Jimenez-Marroquin, Deber & Jadad, 2014). Contention among Uruguay's adaptable market providers is exceptionally remarkable: each one of the three chairmen have starting at now moved 3G organizations. In connection to the more extensive global setting, Uruguay in the year, 2007 positioned 63 among 181 nations in the Computerized Opportunity Management Record (DOI),37 scoring 0.48 contrasted with the world normal of 0.4, and positioned ninth among LAC nations. Likewise, in the last release of the Arranged Preparation List (NRI) 38 Report (2008–2009), Uruguay positioned 65th among 134 nations (scoring 3.85, while the most noteworthy were Denmark, scoring 5.85). 10 nations that belongs from the LAC district included in the high portion of global positioning, Uruguay stood eighth among all of them. At last, in the year 2008 version of the ICT Improvement List (IDI) 39 Uruguay positioned 49th among 154 nations, possessing the third position among LAC nations. Uruguay's Digital Agenda (UDA) of 2008-2010, created by AGESIC, is one of the nation's program for tending to the issues of ICT at a national level, that includes the improvement and enhancing the association with the broader worldwide setting, in 2007 Uruguay situated 63 among 181 countries in the Propelled Open entryway Record (DOI), 37 scoring 0.48 appeared differently in relation to the earth typical of 0.4, and situated ninth among nations of LAC. Moreover, in the most recent arrival of the Composed Status Record (NRI) 38 Report (2008–2009), Uruguay situated 65th among 134 countries (scoring 3.85, while the most raised were Denmark, scoring 5.85). Ten countries from the region of LAC highlighted in the top segment of the overall situating, and Uruguay scored eighth among all. Finally, in 2008 form of the ICT Progression Record (IDI) 39 Uruguay stood 49th among 154 countries, including the 3 rd place among LAC nations. Uruguay's Digital Agenda (UDA) of 2008-2010, made by AGESIC, is the nation’s program to check out for ICT related concerns at a national level. This includes the change and overhaul of ICT system, targets related to social value in the utilization of ICT and what's more the period of informative substance of ICT framework, objectives identified with social uniformity in the utilization of ICT and in addition the era of instructive substance (Hasan, 2014). It initiates the transparency, digital inclusion, strengthening of the democratic, and e-government out of different characteristic in order for improving the quality of life of the population’s. In specific, the structure change line's basic target is for making and updates the mechanical establishment Management at a national level, and also to fulfill the specific capacities needed for its practicality. Every lines had a couple targets and goals. In the first place, Ceibal has a fragment that is political since it is a bit of the monetary and social headway visualization of the country. It is predicted that the in all cases accessing to ICT in general society eye will pass on an incentive as for accessing to the realizing, which is one of the sections in which countries are building up their forcefulness and money related change that prompts impartial social progression. Moreover, Ceibal is considered as an instrument for recovering the important piece of government supported schools' ensuring approach open entryways for Uruguayan locals, which in by one means or another is for feeling to be gone astray (Hasan, 2014). In this logic, ICT are considered as informative body that will enable all institutions to finish relative stages of significant importance. This doesn't seem, by all accounts, to be a bit of the image of the educational to drastically change instructing and education structures that is frequently joined into th ese systems. Nor all combined into the more far-reaching suggestion of OLPC which claims those youths will make sense of how to learn by virtue of their individual and synergistic correspondence with or through ICT (Lee & Han, 2013). In the hidden portrayals of Ceibal, there are void references for changing of an educational substance industry, nor watching out for the possible results which as a result of this technique Uruguay transforming into a development progression state. In any case, conceivably due to organization of Uruguay's as the very first nation for realizing the structure of OLPC, they mainly focuses on various ways for managing endorse this know-in what way as to wind up pioneers in mechanized informative substance era and organizations movement for the planned model (Aranha, Cruz & Pinheiro, 2014). With a particular ultimate objective for doing this, Ceibal is working up with a specific plan known as the "Rayuela" development. This will advance the change of an ind ustry of electronic educational assets substance attempting for exchanging these substance to the other South American nations and develop a particular support industry prepared to provide the organizations required by the Uruguayan schools and, also aid other countries. Besides, LATU hopes to twist up obviously a fundamental consultancy firm to help diverse countries realizing ICT in guideline systems charged by the OLPC (Gallego & Gutirerrez, 2015). The Organization of the Republic, the most amazing political master in Uruguay, derived Ceibal. In spite of the way that this commitment outfitted Ceibal with the required pushed for combining and clearing the requirement political and social performing specialists, it could additionally   have been the circumstance that it could have transformed into the objective of political analysis that could be crippling, its headway. If this was the situation, these responses never contained sufficient echoes for jeopardizing the execution of the wander, which in actuality has had a creating positive social affair within 152. Furthermore, the presidential obligation moreover supported the openness of the obliged resources for realize the wander in a scale of the countrywide in for the most part short time (Clastornik, Dornel & Parra, 2016). The support for the informational zone was not rapid. The ANEP and the Basic Guideline Commission, in charge of directing fundamental instructive system, was truant when the wander was made, yet rather after a short time they had a dynamic influence in its synchronization, expecting obligation for the instructive sections of Ceibal. The Uruguayan Partnership of Educators moreover maintained the wander from the most punctual beginning stage, sharing in an uncommon commission with the Basic Preparing Commission, for working in the use of Ceibal. Despite these sponsorships, a couple of get-togethers of teachers demonstrated their doubts on the wander and a few of those even got discarded, by attesting there were distinctive needs in the learning system that required sincere thought (Gallego & Gutirerrez, 2015). This hidden strain with the structure of the educational field may be illuminated by the way that instructors were not gotten some data about the wander at its begin or on account of a bona fide instability about the advancement of the idea to enormously join tablets for the youths in the classrooms. Its primary objective is for developing the sensible progression of the country and its worldwide incorporation through advancement and trade of noteworthy courses of action concerning consistent, metrological, inventive, managerial and consistence assessment organizations, as shown by the fitting controls (LATU, 2009). LATU was accountable for driving the specific and operational execution of the wander. Ceibal, as a noteworthy part of LATU, could make the particular and vital organization required to secure, prepare, consign, proper and give specific support to the countless passed on. Moreover, it created the volunteers' frameworks, developing an educational passageway and working in a joint exertion with uncommon working social events of the workplaces in charge of managing the informational structure (Crespi & Dutrenit, 2014). Towards the finish of 2009 Ceibal ended its first execution arranges that had the objective of giving a tablet to every tyke and educator of open essential training. One of the greatest difficulties of the primary execution stage was one of the moderately restricted times accessible for actualizing the venture in the nation. This extension was arranged in four phases (Ceibal, 2009b): Stage 1 (first semester 2007): School N º24 of "Estate Cardal", office "Florida". "Manor Cardal" is a town with 1,290 occupants and just one school had 150 students. For this stage, OLPC gave the PCs; 154 | Changing Training: The Energy of ICT Strategies (Cassoni, 2015) Stage 2 (second semester 2007): Rest of the "Florida" office till it is secured completely. In the month of October of the same year the first 100 thousand portable workstations and 200 servers were permitted to purchase through an awaiting procedure. Youngsters and educators got these PCs soon thereafter (Tan et al., 2017) Stage 3 (year 2008): Over 175,000 PCs were conveyed, finishing all schools within the nation, except of part of the bureau of Canelones, Montevideo and its metropolitan zone (Barcellos, Leite & Monteiro, 2016) Stage 4 (year 2009): whatever remains of the branch of Canelones is finished together alongwith Montevideo and its metropolitan territory: With this, all kids and educators in essential state funded training got portable PCs, achieving 362,000 youngsters and 18,000 instructors. The following figure condenses the four phases of the usage of Ceibal in essential training (Hasan, 2016). All in all, Ceibal has all the earmarks of being an extensive activity that put stock in the administrations inside limit (LATU, ANEP, and so forth.) to give the arrangement of products and ventures considered in this approach. In any case, upon nearer assessment, it can be noticed that there are an assortment of methodologies and that most of them have advanced after some time. For the purpose of portrayal of these qualifications, it is significant for using the typology projected by Barber (2007) to depict the philosophies used by various governments for the game plan of open items and endeavors. Beautician perceives three sorts of procedures: Summon and control: When the assembly is the supplier of general society stock and ventures and using a top-down organization come closer from the center, for the decentralized citizen driven association's units (Gubrena et al., 2014) Devolution and straightforwardness: When the organization decreases obligation and autonomy for the game plan of open items and dares to the decentralized organization units (cutting edge) and makes structures to measure execution that are open, for pushing the upgrading; and Semi markets: When the delegates of the organization the course of action of open stock and undertakings to the private part, either totally privatizing the game plan and completing the systems that regulatory or granting its property and controlling for various authorities of the marketplace. Ceibal's procedures and strategies can be depicted as commonly "request and control," since the game plan of PCs were dealt with halfway by LATU or ANEP through their different inside frames, until going for the beneficiaries. A part of the clearest delineations is: (i) the course of action of exercises completed by LATU to circle, acquaint and give particular support with the aggregate ICT structure (PCs, servers, and fra meworks) and (ii) the plan of automated enlightening assets executed by ANEP and LATU (Cave et al., 2014). Disregarding the way that Ceibal is a methodology which has been executed transversally throughout the structure of Uruguayan of the state (administrations and diverse workplaces), its movement of the country over has in like manner included distinctive on-screen characters starting from various ranges that support and increment the state's attempts. Regardless of the way that few of these exercises begun from external source of the organization, they have been maintained and created through Ceibal, that enabled the readiness for performing specialists from the normal society, societal affiliations, universities and private division. A noteworthy number of these external exercises for sustaining were depicted in fragment 2.4.1. In a substitute locale, throughout the Rayuela Augment, Ceibal is also including the personal division accessories in the wander, particularly the item business (Proenza & Girard, 2015). Finally, it justifies determining that disregarding the way that Ceibal w as arranged towards state subsidized guideline just, in the midst of its fundamental use a segment was made remembering the ultimate objective to unite non-government-funded schools into the movement. As for the general enlightening methodologies, and approving with the UNESCO guidelines in general, the government of Uruguaya preferably imparted its engagement for improvement of the students’ presentations, for extending the open utilization on preparing and for developing a state-financed direction advantage in consonance with the work grandstand demands, however constantly putting the esteem manage at the point of convergence of the national system (Jordi et al., 2016). The execution of the checking and the model of appraisal were arranged proceed in three different stages: A pilot compose completed in December 2008 that measured the use of an outline which was included reviews for instructors, principals, children and gatherings of forty-four schools having short and lengthy moment of enthusiasm for Ceibal. Utilization of a review in June 2009 that included overviews for a comprehensively illustrative case of instructors, principals, youths and families supplemented by a subjective examination of 20 gatherings that included gatherings and workshops that is participatory in nature. Out and out, the data amassing is considered 5,682 adolescents from 3rd to 6th grades – 7,620 families, 1,050 teachers and 200 principals (Acharya, Rathod & Upadhyay, 2016). In addition, the model considering the data collection about circuitous consequences and the results, considering the diminishment of the propelled detachment and the headway of modernized cons olidation as multidimensional troubles which fuses the passageway to ICT (Aranha et al., 2016), its usage, the inclination which have a PC makers for children and the educators and its resultant at home. Expound standard utilizing pointers that can be utilized to quantify effects of Ceibal in social, social, monetary and vote based interest measurements. Recognize and portray the most significant performing artists and gatherings (stratifying by financial gatherings and ICT encounter). Break down the advancement after some level of time and nature of utilization of the apparatuses and social interest in the creation of substance (Truncano, 2016). Create intermittent data with respect to the three primary parts of Ceibal: preparing, dissemination and upkeep of portable PCs and its utilization. Recognize preparing and bolster activities actualized by Ceibal and common society and in addition between institutional coordination. In view of the investigation of the data, give proposals to basic leadership. Recognize the adjustments in the open doors, practices, learning, conceivable outcomes, discernments and prosperity of the families and group individuals taking an interest in Ceibal and what elements add to or ruin these progressions (Monge-Gonzà ¡lez & Hewitt 2015). Break down the adjustments in the connections and relations amongst schools and families and within the families; the adjustments in the practices that is social and in the utilization of extra time in the wake of presenting a tablet in the youngsters' social condition. Break down people's interest in systems; concentrate the effect because of the shared origination of Ceibal's portable PC. Study the effect in the kids' confidence, in their inspiration to learn and accessible open doors for them (Katz, Koutroumpis & Callorda, 2014). Notwithstanding the observing and assessment activities executed by the Ceibal assessment commission, there have been numerous different activities that examined, or are presently concentrate, distinctive parts of Ceibal. Huge numbers of these activities were a piece of the pilot phases of Ceibal, and were for the most part contextual investigations that taken a gander at specifi c parts of the venture and others didn't utilize thorough assessment strategies, in this manner announcing rather recounted data. One fascinating activity is the "Flor de Ceibo" extend in which, in 2008, understudies of the College of la Repà ºblica fielded work in 97 groups partaking in the venture, accumulated information on its usage, and supported the groups in different customs (DuToit, 2015). It was to be demonstrating that 85% of the surveyors concur that Ceibal "enhances the eventual fate of the youngsters" and 92% addressed which put the kids "in contact with the world." Moreover, 49% concurred that it "puts the kids in contact with destructive data." In regards to the review actualized by the Assessment Commission of Ceibal, the accompanying areas report a portion of the underlying discoveries that were discharged in end of the December, 2009. As to get to, utilizing optional information, the review reports that in the vicinity of 2006 and 2008, due the usage of Ceibal in the inside of the nation, admittance Web in schools that have change fundamentally: from 32% of the youngsters getting to Web in schools in 2006 to 67% in 2008. Regardless of numerous activities actualized since the 1990s, the republic of Uruguay had issues managing a nationalized arrangement to present ICT in schools, particularly in essential training. In any case, in 2006 Uruguay began the Arrangement Ceibal which accomplished the arrangement of portable PCs of all the essential students and educators in a time of three years and now it is beginning a comparable system for auxiliary training. In Uruguay today, every elementary school – and soon every optional school too – their educators, understudies, and families will have the chance for utilizing and learning with the help of ICT. Notwithstanding this achievement, Ceibal confronts extraordinary difficulties with respect to specialized and academic support, substance and Web arrangement, and maintainability, among others. In spite of the fact that Ceibal has an unequivocal instructive talk and has been executed over the instructive framework, its proposition goes a long ways past schools (White & Parker, 2016). To be sure, this arrangement is as a matter of first importance a social approach attempting to affect specifically kids, families and the general public and, also, an instructive strategy attempting to affect schools and on educators' academic practices. Moreover, as the worldwide experience has illustrated, Ceibal is additionally demonstrating that paying little heed to the innovation conveyance show, strategy creators need to incorporate integral procedures to guarantee instructors' expert advancement, the accessibility of sufficient computerized instructive assets and the arrangement of specialized and academic support. At long last, the model of Uruguay is envisioned by numerous nations with low rate of accessibility of ICT in the schools as well as homes as an approach for moving rapidly towards the twenty-first century Data Society. Acharya, G. D., Rathod, J., & Upadhyay, D. (2016). ICT as a change Agent for Technical Education–A Case Study of Atmiya Institute of Technology and Science. Aranha, M. I., Cruz, J. M., & Pinheiro, A. A. (2014). Latin American Federative Variables for ICT and Development Research: A Comparison between Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela.  Redes. com: revista de estudios para el desarrollo social de la Comunicacià ³n, (9), 211-231. Aranha, M. I., Oliveira, F. M., Falcà £o, R. L., & Gazzaneo, N. (2016). ICT Institutional Framework in the Americas Region. Barcellos, R. E. M., Leite, C., & Monteiro, A. M. R. (2016). Integration of technologies policies and Basic Education Teacher Training in Uruguay.  education policy analysis archives,  24, 22. Cassoni, A. (2015). ICT sectors and clusters, local firms performance and employment generation: the case of Uruguay. Cave, J., Joyce, C., Shahin, J., Cave, B., & Schindler, R. (2014). Putting the IC into ‘Policy’: strategic analysis for optimising the role of ICT. Clastornik, J., Dornel, S., & Parra, D. (2016, March). Uruguay's Digital Policy. In  Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance  (pp. 64-67). ACM. Crespi, G., & Dutrà ©nit, G. (Eds.). (2014).  Science, technology and innovation policies for development: the latin american experience. Springer Science & Business Media. Du Toit, J. (2015). Teacher training and usage of ICT in education. New directions for the UIS global data collection in the post-2015 context.  UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Retrieved,  16. Gallego, J. M., & Gutià ©rrez, L. H. (2015). ICTs in Latin America and the Caribbean: Stylized Facts, Programs and Policies. Gallego, J. M., & Gutià ©rrez, L. H. (2015).  ICTs in Latin American and the Caribbean Firms: Stylized Facts, Programs and Policies: Knowledge Sharing Forum on Development Experiences: Comparative Experiences of Korea and Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank. Guberna, A. M. C., Lopes, C. R. S., Galeffi, D., & de Barros Pereira, H. B. (2014). Interactivity in education: social and complex network analysis.  An Overview of Digital Media in Latin America, 80. Hasan, M. Z. (2016). Evaluation of a Government ICT Policy Document from a Communicative Action Perspective: A Case of Bangladesh.  The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries,  73. Hasan, S. (2014). ICT policies and their role in governance: the case of Bangladesh.  Science, Technology and Society,  19(3), 363-381. Jimenez-Marroquin, M. C., Deber, R., & Jadad, A. R. (2014). Information and communication technology (ICT) and eHealth policy in Latin America and the Caribbean: a review of national policies and assessment of socioeconomic context.  Revista Panamericana de Salud Pà ºblica,  35(5-6), 329-336. Jordi, L., Figueiredo, M. Ç., Barone, D., & Pereira, C. (2016). Study and analysis of information technology in dentistry in Latin American countries.  Acta Odontolà ³gica Latinoamericana,  29(1), 14-22. Katz, R. L., Koutroumpis, P., & Callorda, F. (2014). The Latin American path towards digitization.  Revista de Estudios para el Desarrollo Social de la Comunicacià ³n, (9), 151. Kozma, R. B., & Vota, W. S. (2014). ICT in developing countries: Policies, implementation, and impact. In  Handbook of research on educational communications and technology  (pp. 885-894). Springer New York. Lee, H. S., & Han, H. S. (2013). A Study on Silver ICT Policies of International Organizations and Foreign Countries, Broadcasting and Communications Convergence Future Strategy System Research Report.  Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, 14. Monge-Gonzà ¡lez, R., & Hewitt, J. (2015). ICT sectors and clusters, local firm performance and employment generation in Latin America: final report. Proenza, F. J., & Girard, B. (2015).  Public Access ICT across Cultures: Diversifying Participation in the Network Society. MIT Press. Tan, S. C., Cheah, H. M., Chen, W., & Choy, D. (2017). Integrating ICT into K-12 Education–A Global Perspective. In  Pushing the Frontier  (pp. 11-25). Springer Singapore. Trucano, M. (2016). SABER-ICT Framework Paper for Policy Analysis. White, G., & Parker, L. (2016). Building and Sustaining National ICT/Education Agencies.

Flower Marketing Channels Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Flower Marketing Channels - Case Study Example The case study "Flower Marketing Channels" analyzes the role of the traditional wholesaler in the marketing channels and the factors it is influenced by. The role of the traditional wholesaler in the marketing channels is influenced by a number of factors. Firstly a number of retailers prefer to personally make selections of flowers that they would then go and resell directly to the end consumers. If this is difficult for some reasons they should have a lot of confidence in the ability by the wholesaler to make the selections on their behalf. This makes the traditional wholesaler a very important player in the distribution channels since retailers would value having a trustworthy and reliable wholesaler nearby. The importance of the traditional wholesaler comes into play again to ensure a constant flow of products in large varieties to the retailers. The wholesaler plays an important role of repackaging and providing the required assortments and sizes for the retailers. The twenty-first century has seen significant channels occur in terms of factors underlying the distribution and marketing channels in floricultural products. An important force behind the changes comes in form of evolution in the methods of transportation and communication. both the retailer and consumer in the 21st century is now able to directly source the product flower growers via the mobile phone or using a broker on the internet, thanks to technology. There is also the option of using other intermediary resellers.

What Strategies are currently used in the outdoor learning environment Essay

What Strategies are currently used in the outdoor learning environment to support childrens development within the Early Years - Essay Example It can play a critical role in the development of these children because it provides a different perspective to the learning process. This is more so if the children are in the early years, what is commonly referred to as the Early Years Foundation Stage (Perry 2001). Research has shown that the act of being indoors has a positive impact on the child’s sense of well-being while also contributing to the various aspects of the child’s development. Being outdoors gives the young children an opportunity to make full use of their senses, to explore their surrounding and an opportunity to be physically active (Jones 2004). They get an opportunity to experience firsthand contact with the natural world more so the seasons and the weather. This is in sharp contrast to the confined environment of the classrooms; children also get an opportunity to do things differently than when they are indoors. This type of all rounded approach to learning is very critical to the progress of the child. Outdoor learning is usually remembered for long periods of time after the lessons have taken place. This is because; the outdoor experiences and adventures indulged in add to the relevance and depth to what is learnt in indoor environments. It influences the literacy and numeracy by making it possible to use theories learnt elsewhere (Saracho 2002). Children can use maps, charts, spoken word, measuring angles and bearings. It gives them a deeper meaning of the information. Educational practitioners are increasingly making use of the external environment as a tool for learning because of various reasons. Most important is that the environment has certain unique characteristics and features that can be adapted to offer valuable learning experiences to the children. Given that development has an all rounded agenda, it has been found that outdoor learning has the same value as indoor learning and both should be given priority. Another key

The ZOPA model will soon dominate personal banking in the UK Essay

The ZOPA model will soon dominate personal banking in the UK - Essay Example Zopa UK has been operating in the UK virtual environment for 6 years. ZOPA has been providing a lending and borrowing medium to people at cost-effective and competitive rates unlike banks that charge higher rates to borrowers at their own terms and conditions. Zopa member strength was just 300 when it started in 2005. Within next 4 months, it reached to 26,000 members. Zopa has been able to offer competitive rates as its products are riskier to other market players (Chaffey, 2008). The company was established by the three founders namely chief executive Richard Duvall, chief financial officer James Alexander and David Nicholson. All the three founders of Zopa had some connection with Egg; Richard Duvall was the leading man behind the creation of online bank for Prudential in 1998; Mr. Alexander had been the strategy director when he joined Egg in 2000 and before that he was working for Smile, an online bank. Egg’s brand development director Sarah Mathew also joined the league to write a successful story on Zopa in 2005 (Chaffey, 2008). Zopa is an online marketplace that brings investors and borrowers on the same platform for the realisation of a personal loan at competitive rates to both the parties unlike banks that charge higher interest rates. At Zopa there is no need to worry about overhead charges, unethical investments, managing employees in thousands and branches in hundreds.

Development Economics Paper 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Development Economics Paper 3 - Essay Example From a critical point of view I believe in the existence of the poverty trap that has essentially entangled a group of people and deprive them from getting what they would desire to get. In essence, an individual born to a poor family in the village set up of a third world country may be entangled within the vicious circle of poverty, lack of access to education and healthcare facilities as well as exposure to the world out there. In such a case, the child may be limited and despite of his talent and great mind, they fail to get a platform to practice it and perfect the art. This leaves them in the same place becoming a vicious circle for a family or the state at large. there is poverty trap for those who have too little and cannot invest to get enough returns whereas those who have access to reasonably more resources, there potential to grow is evident regardless of the situation around them. As one continues to invest in what they have, growth is eminent and sooner or later there w ill be no poverty trap entangling them as they break free from it. Yes, I believe that the poverty trap works when all other factors are kept constant. Someone’s financial income essentially determines there financial might and dictates what they can do in as far as investment is concerned. The economic status of an individual starts flat then rises as one gets income but the goes down as responsibilities increases creating an S-curve that depicts element of a poverty trap. In this sense, poverty trap is evident and works by way of limiting ones potential within their financial might derailing them from the ability to invest a break away from the vicious cycle of poverty (Banerjee and Duflo 55). S-curve is a theoretical shape depicting a poverty trap that shows one beginning on a straight line, then goes up to a point where they stagnant and start the downward movement again. This concept is used

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Critique - Essay Example However, the writer develops her argument convincingly with a comprehensive list of reasons and explanatory evidence from her experience. Kiefer’s main argument is that students who learn writing online lose more than their counterparts in an on-campus classroom. The article begins with a brief discussion on the theoretical and pedagogical foundations based on which the argument of the article is based. According to the author, the main goal of writing classes should be to raise awareness of â€Å"writing as a situated communication† (Kiefer, 2007, p.141), which could be best achieved only in a collaborative learning environment involving rich interactions between students. The article draws on the theories of â€Å"situatedness of language† and the need to construct â€Å"meaning in context† (ibid). Based on such a notion of writing as a process and learning as a communal and shared activity, Kiefer advances her argument. Kiefer’s theoretical assumptions dictate the goals and nature of writing classes, which she uses as a base to evaluate online writing classes. The argument focuses on the shortcomings of online writing classes she has witnessed in her experience as a teacher in both face-to-face and online classes. The three key features she presents are: â€Å"technological impediments, time constraints, attitudes toward education† (Kiefer, 2007, p.151), which she calls as ‘deficits’ that act collectively to deprive online students of the wealth of learning that an on-campus student receives. In terms of the technological features of online classrooms, the article refers to specific examples of widely used computer applications and argues that they do not support the goals of writing courses adequately as such online classroom technology is designed for lectures and not for interactive writing classes. Even if it happens to

Employee Fraud in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employee Fraud in the UK - Essay Example This will ensure that they are correct and functioning in the right manner. 1. The auditors should help the management device means of preventing the fraud. The management should also put an internal control system that will help them prevent and curtail the fraud. This can be achieved by encouraging employees’ rotation in their duties. This will help remove the employee colluding with the customer from her position and hence will not have to give the customer the goods. This will also ensure that there is no collusion among the employees themselves to defraud the organization. To prevent further fraud resulting from the employees colluding with the buyers the organization should also ensure that the employees are paid well and are put under close supervision. They should also mechanize the system and allocate various people specific duties to minimize theft. For example, one worker should be charged with making the products inventory while another one is mandated with collect ing money from the customers. At the end of the day, these two should balance the sales with the money they had gotten to identify any mistakes that would have occurred and when they occurred and who was responsible. The audits should also be carried on a regular basis to ensure that proper records are kept any fraud is identified at an earlier stage. This will make individual employees more responsible and hence avoid the high rates of fraud in the company. 2. The auditors’ should recommend to the company to have honest employees in the supervisory level. The employees should be qualified, competent and efficient. They should also be well remunerated and should be allowed to develop themselves. This will help employees associate with the company and hence reduce the cases of fraud. The management should also make the employees aware of the levels of fraud taking place in the company. They should also conduct surprise internal audit and job rotation so that they can make empl oyees shun from committing irregularities. This will make employees more cautious and hence reduce rates of fraud. The organization should also hire a human resources manager who will hire and fire employees and will regulate the employees pay. The human resource manager will have all the serial numbers documented and clock cards and time sheets that will be used to record time. These clock times and the time sheets will be provided and approved for payments. The payroll should be approved by the top management committee. After the payments have been made, a thorough check should be done on the documents against the payments to ensure that they are in agreement. All the deductions that have been made during the checks should be documented. The monthly payroll should also be reconciled by an independent clerk. 3. The company should restrict the number of people handling the cash and ensure the returns are filed daily. The accounts should also be reconciled frequently, and the clerks handling any cash should be supervised.

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What are the strengths and weaknesses of seeing organizations as purely rational configurations - Essay Example In simple terms, a rational society system entails specificity of objective and formalization. Objective plan provides guiding principle for particular tasks to be accomplished along with a regulated allocation of resources whereas formalization endeavored to standardize managerial behavior. The aim of rationalization is the end former bureaucratic way of running organizations. The anatomy of the bureaucratic regime was characterized by well-structure line of command, specific job regulations, division of labor, impersonality, etc. (Bennis, 2001). These are the specific areas that rationalization confronts, and all through the approach has been facilitated by innumerable strengths in rationally configured organizations. However, there has not been anything as absolute or â€Å"pure† rationalization, for even Taylor- the founder of rationalization did not declare any purely or absolutely rational society (Mackenzie-Gonzalez, n.d). Rationalization has also drawn some prevalent weaknesses. In this essay, I seek to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of organizations perceived to rationally configured together with journey of rationalization. In this regard, the areas to be considered include rational human replacement with technology, perception of rational managem ent and linear system, rational predictability, and the rational calculability. In order to have a coherent understanding of the discussions of the weaknesses and strengths of perceiving an organization as purely rational, it is paramount to describe the journey the rationalization process. The organization in the past was characterized by bureaucracy and as it is well illustrated by Weber’s typology of an organization. In particular, Max Weber was apprehensive with what he regarded as the most rational structure of the organization, the bureaucracy, and the influence embedded in it. He then noted that bureaucracies, preceding the industrialization,

The Mechanics of Spontaneous Healing Essay Example for Free

The Mechanics of Spontaneous Healing Essay The field of holistic healing is an evolving discipline. Therefore, the words used to speak about the realm of holistic healing remain difficult to concretize. For those who view this growing field from a distance, the confusion about communication is apparent. Essentially, the same words are used in different ways, depending on the speaker and on the context. Even practitioners within the field of holistic healing use words like â€Å"healing† and â€Å"holistic† in idiosyncratic ways. For holistic medical doctors, the term â€Å"holistic† may mean incorporating alternative healing techniques or procedures such as the use of herbal remedies, diet and nutrition. For psychologists â€Å"holistic† may indicate their use of several therapeutic techniques within the discipline of psychology. Or it may indicate that they integrate other healing techniques such as bodywork or meditation within the context of psychotherapy. For some, the term â€Å"holistic healing† denotes an overall philosophy of integrationalism regardless of their respective training background, and as such, serve as a self-identifier. Given the disparity of meanings attributed to the words, the realm of holistic healing is fraught with communication difficulties. This search terms clarifies for the operational definitions of the study’s critical terms to avoid confusion and help set the limits of its purview. Holistic healing literally means wholeness (holy and heal both derive from the Anglo-Saxon healen, meaning whole), with all that implies: â€Å"Bringing the rejected and discarded into the circle; listening with the inward ear for those parts that have been silenced; seeking a deeper, more accurate, more creative engagement with the world around us† (Barasch, 2003, p. 7). â€Å"Holistic† refers to the acknowledgement that human beings are multi-leveled. We exist each moment as a body, mind, spirit/soul, and emotional beings. Holistic healing therefore, acknowledges the many parts of our being and seeks to understand their interactions in both the disease and the health creation process. Holistic Healing Conceptualized Holistic healing remains on the edges of mainstream scientific thought. It is contrary to the accepted view that we will always be able to find a specific cause for any given disease. Holistic healing deals with the totality of a person’s being: the mental/emotional, physical, social, and spiritual dimensions. It is this totality as an integrative and synthesizing force, so perceived and utilized by the healing person or team, that constitutes holistic healing. (Otto Knight, 2001, p. 3). Holistic healing was described by Pelletier (1997). For him, all states of health were psychosomatic, each person representing a unique interaction of body, mind, and spirit. Illness was a disturbance in the dynamic balance of these relationships. The client and the practitioner shared the responsibility for the healing and both creatively learned about themselves during the healing process. Practical screen In spite of a thorough search of the literature, no studies have been found that relate directly to the focus of this study, the mechanics of spontaneous healing. The literature review is not the theoretical foundation on which the study is based, but is presented in order to illustrate the current state of the relevant literature. The initial review established the appropriateness of this study. The majority of the review will be accomplished after the data is analyzed and it will be guided by the findings. Literature from both the initial review and the later review will be compiled in this section. Topics will also be discussed that might relate to the mechanics of spontaneous healing such as the experience of healing, health status, recovery, and survival. In this related literature the independent variables such as social support, optimism, and hardiness are often well defined with reliable and valid measures. The dependent variables such as â€Å"being healthy, having minor health problems, suffering from chronic disease, being disabled, and being dead are treated as equally-spaced points on a continuum† (Hobroyd Coyne, 2002, p. 364), and are often well-defined or measured. Other measures sometimes defined as â€Å"healthy† are help seeking behaviours and compliance with medical recommendations. Nevertheless, there are some interesting studies in which attempt is made to measure the factors that might be relevant to the mechanics of spontaneous healing. The popular literature claims much more knowledge than can be substantiated with valid research but this literature has stimulated a research interest that may lead to more knowledge about the mechanics of spontaneous healing. In the literature related to specific techniques, such as biofeedback, therapeutic healing touch, imagery, and hypnosis is discussed directly. Each of these areas has a body of research but the studies do not define healing and often do not give enough information for the reader to make judgement on the mechanics of spontaneous healing and on whether the outcomes are credible. Methodological Screen A suitable design for exploring holistic healing from the perspective of the person in the mechanism of the health creation process is phenomenology. Phenomenology is the study of the essence of human experience (Solomon, 1980). Phenomenology is based on careful consideration of rich complex data, using logic and insight (Cohen, 2001). The phenomenon studied need not be tangible in a physical sense as it can be such things as loving, thinking, imagining, calculating, or doubting. Healing falls somewhere between with both tangible and intangible elements. Cause and effect are not relevant, but it can be asked what the experience is of perceiving something apparently causing something else. One would not ask what causes healing, only what the experience of healing is. As an approach to research, it is a way to stand back and watch, to break out of one’s familiar acceptance of the world, and to attain a state of wonder and understanding (Merleau-Ponty, 1992). Phenomenology as a Research Method From these philosophical origins, methods of investigation began to emerge. Spiegelberg (1995) described â€Å"doing phenomenology† in a philosophical sense, while Giorgi, Van Kaam, and Colaizzi developed research methods which were inspired by phenomenological philosophy but not bound by it (Omery, 2003). Phenomenological research is evolving and expanding since it is now being used by many disciplines. There is debate about how purely one should follow the method and whether it is appropriate to draw from other related methods such as ethnography and grounded theory. Phenomenology as a philosophy is so diverse that purity is probably nonexistent. Because of this it would be difficult to derive a pure research method. Phenomenology as it is Used in this Study The primary influences in developing the methodology for this study were Collaizzi (1998) and Merleau Ponty (2002). Both Collaizzi and Merleau Ponty were chosen because of their specific discussion of bodily functions and their desire to maintain the integration and complexity of these functions. They both believed that perception of reality was in fact reality and that this reality can be described. Careful interpretation can clarify this reality. In the process of interpretation, data are not created, but they are analysed with an attempt to discover their essence. In order to address the research questions posed above, selected individuals will be asked to discuss their experience of holistic healing and the mechanism of their health creation process. Asking people directly seemed an effective way to study meaning, experience, beliefs, expectations, and perceptions of holistic healing. Benner (2002) pointed out that physiological aspects of healing can be studied readily with traditional quantitative research. Much of the research available on psychological, interpersonal, and personality dimensions of health has also been done using quantitative methods. There is a current interest in exploring holistic healing using qualitative means, but no qualitative studies have explored healing. As healing is a lived experience it seems appropriate to use a qualitative method to ask individuals who are in the process of healing to attempt to articulate what they believe is happening.

Conflict Resolution Essay Example for Free

Conflict Resolution Essay As a manager, I think the best strategy for relaying the company’s decision to downsize would be by oral communication having a formal meeting with the whole team. I believe this is the best method because it keeps morale up and structure within the business. The team will appreciate honesty, and while they still have some concerns, they feel confident that you have their backs – even if things do not work out. (Breaking the News). The lines of communications between upper management and employees become open so each part has time to explain their side and also answer any questions. In a managerial position, it is difficult to explain to employees that the company is thinking about downsizing. In reference to the story #2 Breaking the News A â€Å"Tell Your Team About Downsizing† Adventure the company told management that downsizing was going to happen across the business affecting 100 employees. Employees affected by the downsizing are most of the sandwich development department and brine recycling traditional print marketing department. The online marketing teams will not be affected , and no more downsizing will occur the rest of the year. Management should hold a face to face meeting with all employees. The best way to handle gossip is by avoiding small talk, management should clearly explain the current situation without being too dramatic and be prepared to answer questions. Avoid beating around the bush. It is extremely important to explain details to all employee. Work place gossip can cause a great deal of harm to an organization. There are several ways in which gossip can hurt a business. The ways are listed as follows: Lost productivity and wasted time, morale and trust can no longer exist, increased anxiety among employees as rumors circulate without any clear information as to what is fact and what is not, divisiveness tends to grow among employees as people may take a side, and employees feelings and reputations are hurt, sometimes causing severe damage. Address the online marketing team who will not be affected by the downsizing by hold a face to face oral meeting as well. Management that the company is trying to make the business more efficient as we become more profitable and that is why the downsizing is occurring. Be up front and  honest letting the team know that they are not being affected. This approach reassures to the team that management has their back and really cares about them. It also calms office rumors and puts everyone on the â€Å"same page†. A personal work experience similar to the scenario in Story #2 Breaking the News A â€Å"Tell Your Team About Downsizing† Adventure would be when I sold cars for a small family owned car lot in Houston who laid me off without notice. I had been hearing rumors that the company was not making a lot of money, but I brushed it to the side. My sales team received our pay checks for the week and went to our respective banks and found out they were all declined. I went back to the car lot to tell the owner that all the payroll checks were declined , and he said, â€Å"We should go to hi s bank to cash them†. Two weeks later we were all laid off , and the car lot was eventually closed. If I were the owner of the car dealership I would have been up front and honest with the employees letting them know that the business was just opening , and that decisions were being made to build profit and sell cars. I believe the owner had an opportunity when the payroll checks were declined to tell his employees details of the business.

Role of a Mentor within Pre-registration Midwifery Education

Role of a Mentor within Pre-registration Midwifery Education The aim of this assignment is to critically analyse the theoretical principles involved in teaching and learning for personal and professional practice. I will critically evaluate the role of a mentor within pre-registration midwifery education through personal reflection. I have attached details in appendix one which explores the experience and my feelings. To maintain confidentiality and to act in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Councils professional standards (NMC, 2015) all names have been changed. The role of a mentor has been enshrined in midwifery practice and pre-registration education for a number of years now with the NMC (2008) defining the role as making judgments about whether a student has achieved the required standards of proficiency for safe and effective practice for entry to the NMC register. The role is seen as critical in helping facilitate development of future generations of midwives as well as preparing students for life as a professional and enabling students to register as competent practitioners and become mentors themselves (Lawson Bunyan, 2013). Mckimm, Jollie and Hatter (2007) further identifies benefits to organisations such as increased staff morale and job satisfaction, increased inter-professional working and co-operation while for the mentor this can improve leadership and communication skills while raising profile in the organisation. To undertake the role existing midwives must work within a defined framework meeting outcomes inÂÂ   eight domains (appendix two) and for this assignment I am going to reflect on my experience relating to these (NMC, 2008). Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill and Krathwohl (1956) divide learning into three domains: cognitive (mental skills), affective (feelings and emotions) and psychomotor (physical skills). Within each there is a taxonomy associated with the overarching aim of moving to higher levels through learning (appendix three). Learning can be defined as acquiring knowledge, skills and attitude by study, experience or teaching (Jarvis, 1983). It can be argued that Blooms taxonomy is too simplistic and outdated for adult learners on clinical placement and mentors need to consider many other factors that lead to effective learning such as student perception, sociological influences and personal motivation (Hinchliff, 2009). Kolb (1984) developed a learning theory that works on two levels. First a four stage cycle (appendix four) for a learner to progress through. A learner can enter the cycle at any stage as each is mutually supportive of and feeding into the next, Kolb concludes effective learning only occurs when a learner is able to execute all four stages of the cycle; no one stage is effective as a learning tool on its own. It can be argued that this cycle is simplistic as some learners may flit around the cycle instead of naturally feeding to the next (Dyke, 2006). Secondly, Kolb describes learning styles (appendix five) which are influenced by a variety of factors, for example social environment or previous educational experiences. By mentors knowing a students preferred learning style this enables learning to be orientated to individual needs or circumstances. Learning styles were further developed by Honey and Mumford (1982) who identified four distinct styles which learners naturally prefer. To maximise potential learners need to understand their own learning style and seek out opportunities using that style. As mentor, if you teach according to preferred learning style, you are creating tailored learning experiences and meet outcomes of domain two (NMC, 2008). Mentors and students should also take opportunities to improve learning skills and processes where there are known weaknesses so one should always strive to develop ability to teach and learn in other styles too (Stuart, 2013). Honey and Mumfords (1982) learning styles can be used alongside Kolbs cycle of learning (appendix six). However, some students may get stuck in one part of the cycle so mentors need awareness of this to help move students forward. During placement my mentor and I did not know if I would have the opportunity to perform an episiotomy so Suzanne worked through Kolbs cycle. We simulated this on a model using my existing knowledge. I was able to identify dexterity problems (being left-handed) and weakness in my rational knowledge; from this I knew I needed to practice more and do more research. Suzanne also reflected on her own experiences and we agreed for me to research the evidence base so I could demonstrate improved knowledge and understanding of rationale, outcomes and implications for recovery. A week later we simulated the process again and because I had had time to analyse this I was much more confident, explaining rationale and what I would do in a real life situation. It was interesting to see the change in my own confidence as my knowledge increased. I know in future I will take more opportunities to use similar formats of learning as it works well for me and by repeating quickly I know my confidence wi ll grow. Simulation has roots in behaviourist theory; it allows practice in a safe environment so there is a degree of familiarity (Hinchliff, 2009). Gibbs (1988) believes simulation is invaluable while Quinn Hughes (2013) debate validity of transferrable skills so students need to assess the value of this method for themselves. Suzanne successfully demonstrated meeting outcomes of domain two (NMC, 2008).ÂÂ   When the opportunity presented in real practice, I was confident in infiltration and performance, Suzanne was supportive throughout and despite me being nervous inside I completed it safely and effectively and we were able to reflect again afterwards. I am a dual pragmatist/theorist (appendix seven) but I think I would have been happy to get stuck in and do this with someone talking me through it but I can now see benefits from this method. As a learner if I were to just do things, I could become competent but without feeling, watching and thinking so when matched togethe r, one can see how some types of learners may get stuck in one part of the cycle and a good mentor can recognise this, and help to move the student on. In contrast, if mentors do not move through the cycle then this can be frustrating for the student. I had completed the cycle in a similar way as above for applying a fetal scalp electrode and was ready for the active phase. However, when opportunities arose with Helen she did not offer me the opportunity to demonstrate the clinical skill and failed to meet outcomes in domains five, six and eight (NMC 2008).ÂÂ   Under the pre-registration standard for midwifery education (NMC, 2009) students should have a range of clinical experiences and in practice Stuart (2013) identifies that mentors may be influenced by personal bias for, or against the student. I think this can also be a problem for students having personal bias for, or against a mentor so in future will consider critical thinking in relationship problems. At the time, I was concerned I was unable to build experience but can now see that I should have been more active in discussing concerns and looking at how to overcome t hese together.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

The novel Animal Farm by George Orwell was a very interesting, complex, and informing novel. In the novel, George Orwell uses farm animals to portray people of power and the common people during the Russian Revolution. The novel starts off with Major explaining to all the animals in the farm how they are being treated wrongly and how they can over throw their owner, Mr. Jones. They finally gang up on their owner and he leaves the farm. Then they start their own farm with their own rules and commandments. Originally the two people in charge of the "Animal Farm", which they titled it, were Napoleon and Snowball. Napoleon was really greedy and wanted all the power to be his, so he got the animals to turn on Snowball and make him leave the farm. After Napoleon took over the pigs started disobeying the commandments that the pigs, as well as all the other animals, organized and wrote down at the beginning of their take over. Soon the pigs have disobeyed, and/or changed every law there was from the beginning, and the pigs start acting and looking like humans. After that "Animal Farm" slowly starts to loose power and Mr. Jones takes back over. This is a style analysis of Animal Farm. Diction, language and imagery are three important elements in a style analysis. A word choice that is used a lot in the novel is "rebellion". Rebellion is a word used instead of a revolution or a war. Another word that is used a lot in the novel is "comrade". Comrade means an intimate friend or associate. Comrade is used in that form in the novel, instead of saying that someone was their friend the animals called him their comrade. "’No, comrades, a thousand times no!’"(p. 28), that quote was used when one of the animals is expressing to his friends that they will no longer take what man has to offer. Personification is the attribution of human characteristics to something

Concept of Anxiety by Soren Kierkegaard Essay -- Philosophy Soren Kier

The Moment and Inwardness I. Introduction In The Concept of Anxiety, Sï ¿ ½ren Kierkegaard deals with human anxiety about the possibility posed by freedom as it relates to sinfulness and spiritual progress. This paper will show that Kierkegaard?s concept of the moment and his prescription for inwardness, both in the context of spirituality, are connected. Importantly, inwardness depends on the moment and the possibility of transition that does not take place in time, transition that seems sudden if spotted from a temporal perspective. First, this paper will make sense of Kierkegaard?s concepts of time, eternity, and the moment, which will be an interpretation taken from his discussion at the first part of chapter three. Second, it will explain what his concept of inwardness is and what it means for human life, which will be based on text from chapter four, section two, subsection two (?Freedom Lost Pneumatically?). Finally, it will use those points to explain the connection between the moment and inwardness and then point o ut the importance of that connection. II. Time, Eternity, and the Moment Time and eternity are important concepts that correspond to the finite and infinite aspects of human life. Time is the realm occupied by the human body, the human psyche, and all worldly affairs. In everyday thought people spatialize the events in this finite realm in terms of the past, present, and future. Eternity is the realm of the spirit that synthesizes the body and psyche, and spirit is the aspect of human life that belongs to the infinite. Kierkegaard thinks of eternity strictly in an infinite sense and wants to avoid regarding as eternity the indefinite passing of time. The inspiring concept that begins in the analysis of ... ...s nature. One angle on this is that abstracting the moment from spirituality, namely, to focus on the temporal moment involving worldly affairs, is to prevent spiritual inwardness to be reached. Another angle is to understand that with spirit it is possible to understand the future with an immediate sense of its possibility to go about life as an earnest task, which means that one does not need to be anxious about the future and idly waiting for it to come in order to understand human possibility. Finally, it should be added that since spirituality is best regarded from the immediacy of the moment, understanding the moment helps one understand Kierkegaard?s goal in this work of preparing his readers for understanding the leap of faith. Bibliography Kierkegaard, Sï ¿ ½ren. The Concept of Anxiety. Trans. Reidar Thomte. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.

Lake Tahoe and The Growing Importance for Environmental Preservation Es

Lake Tahoe, an enormous expanse of clear, blue, fresh water surrounded by meadows and dense forests and rimmed by snow-capped peaks, is one of the world's great scenic and ecological wonders. Tahoe's water is world famous for its amazing clarity. Even today, one can see objects 70 feet below the surface, a clarity matched almost nowhere in the world. The Tahoe Basin had a slowly evolving and essentially balanced environment for thousands of years, with surrounding forests, meadows and marshlands helping to maintain the clarity and purity of the lake. This pristine environment also provided habitat for great diversity of plants and wildlife. Hundreds of species of native plants thrived in forest, marsh, and meadow. But now, in scarcely a century, an equilibrium that endured for thousands of years is rapidly being lost due to environmental degredation and resource values are steadily deteriorating because of human activities. While there is an appearent lose of wildlife and environment that exists in The Lake Tahoe Basin, there is also an insurgance of environmental conservation that has become increasingly powerful in the attempt at stopping these adverse affects on the environment from happening in the hope that the beauty of Lake Tahoe will continue to exist for generations and generations more. The first major change in the environment came with the logging of the 1860s, when much of the basin's forest was clear-cut. The logging tapered off with the collapse of the mining boom, but not before most of the Tahoe's virgin forest was gone. By the 1920s, cars and better roads made Tahoe accessible to the ordinary visitor, and landholdings began to be subdivided for summer homes, especially along the southern and western portions of the basin. The urbanization of the Tahoe Basin remained a relatively slow process until the 1950s, when the opening of Highway 50 and the completion of Interstate 80 brought the San Francisco Bay area within a four-hour drive. Year-round access to the lake encouraged expansion, as modest clubs designed for seasonal business were transformed into towering casinos packed with visitors throughout the year. The new access in winter also attracted thousands to the basin's ski slopes, and in addition to this increase due to accessability, the 1960 Olympics were held in the Lake Tahoe Basin, at the Squaw Valley Ski Resort. This event crea... ...ve a healthy environment we must conserve the land that has remained untouched. For this reason, the TRPA organization and many other environmental protectionist groups of the Lake Tahoe Basin, support redevelopment as an alternative to new development, and we strongly believe all development should be contained within the existing urban boundaries. Redevelopment allows for many environmental improvements to be made. Bibliography League to Save Lake Tahoe, Lake Tahoe’s Annual Clarity Chart, South Lake Tahoe, California. Douglas Strong, Tahoe: An Environmental History. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, c1984), pp 22-31. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, About TRPA: Mission Statement. Online. Available: http://www.trpa.org/Mission.htm. Accessed: June 1, 2005. U.S. Forest Service, Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit, Lake Tahoe Federal Advisory Committee. Online. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/ltbmu/local/ltfac/. Accessed: June 1, 2005. U.S. Census Bureau. California Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990. Online. Available: http://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/ca190090.txt. Accessed: June 1, 2005.

Gaining And Maintaining Airworthiness Engineering Essay

Aircraft design procedure involved in varied subjects such as aeromechanicss, constructions, flight mechanics etc. Therefore, for an aircraft to go operational it is indispensable to show that the building and design of the aircraft can follow with the demands applicable and such confirmation and proof grounds required to be delegated to the relevant governments. This study introduces ‘Airworthiness ‘ and provides the reader the model involved in deriving airworthiness and how to keep it later.IntroductionConsideration of airworthiness policies has its beginnings since the early yearss of military flight. But aircraft design informations has been recorded prior to 1910 for balloons and the Royal Aircraft Factory has produced a design demand papers in 1916. The Aerial Navigation Act that is countenance by the Home Office in 1911 to censor winging in populated countries is an early illustration of safety ordinance. Airworthiness Department has been established decennary subsequently by the Royal Aircraft Factory ( as portion of the Air Ministry ) , which is the beginning of processs for company design blessings and approved informations. Aircraft airworthiness means conformity with applicable air power governments ordinances that defines the minimal safety degree of the aircraft, of the riders transported and the over flown districts. When designed and built harmonizing to applicable demands ‘ , When operated within its ‘ intended environment and within its ‘ quantified and declared restrictions, And maintained in conformity with processs acceptable to the responsible Authority. The European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) Regulation 216/2008, Article 5, 2 ( degree Celsius ) defines the airworthiness as ; â€Å" Each aircraft shall be issued with an single certification of airworthiness when it is shown that it conforms to the type design approved in its type-certificate and that relevant certification, reviews and trials demonstrate the aircraft is in status for safe operation † The Airworthiness is a corporate duty of operators, governments, industries and care administrations. An airworthy aircraft is one where the likeliness of any incident or accident as a consequence of malfunction, public presentation or handling of the aircraft is kept to acceptable degrees. The lone existent step of airworthiness in usage is given by tracking and analysing incidents and accidents. The staying subdivisions will discourse the kernel of â€Å" Gaining and Maintaining Airworthiness † .Figure 01: Airworthiness – Corporate DutiesExecution of AirworthinessAuthority ( EASA ) assurance that the design of a merchandise complies with the applicable demands based on Certification of the administration ( IR 21 – DOA ) & A ; Certification of the design of merchandises ( CS 25 – Technetium )DO ApprovalHarmonizing to European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) , Design Organisation Approval ( DOA ) demands Implementing Rule ( IR ) portion 21 ( published as e xtension to European Commission Regulation ( EC ) No 1702/2003 ) includes procedural demands applicable either to the industry ( Section A ) or to the Competent Authorities ( Section B ) but Part 21 does non include commissariats to depute EASA authorization and / or signature to persons. â€Å" Certification of aircraft and related merchandises, parts and contraptions, and of design and production administrations † Administrations must show following cardinal elements in order to obtain DO Approval. Design Assurance System Handbook Right Peoples Footings of Blessing Duties of the holderFigure 02 – DOA Key ElementssDesign Organisation Approval ( DOA ) – Administration StructureFollowing diagram illustrates a simplified administration construction showing the indispensable elements in an aircraft design and fabrication administration.Figure 03: Design Administration StructureChief Executive Officer ( CEO ) : Responsible for appropriate operation of the work topographic point by guaranting handiness of needed resources. Designated Certification Specialist ( DCS ) : Airworthiness specializer nominated for a given subject ( ATA or Sub-ATA degree or for Approved Manuals ) to transport out the enfranchisement undertakings, in peculiar to pull off the conformity presentation activities for their sphere. Part of the airworthiness map and act under the control of Product Integrity. Certification Manager ( CM ) Certification panel leaders for their country of competency, Participate in the development of new enfranchisement schemes The CM is the interface with Aviation Authorities at panel degree for primary TC, foreign enfranchisement / proof activities and for allocated major alterations. Chief Airworthiness Engineer ( CAE ) Responsible for taking and organizing the enfranchisement and airworthiness activities for the programme. Supported by a squad normally called the CAE squad composed of: A Type Certification Manger ( TCM ) An Individual Aircraft Certification Manager ( IACM ) A Continued Airworthiness Manager ( CAM )Type CertificationType enfranchisement is the procedure showing that the design of an aircraft complies with the applicable air power demands. Certification procedure could be a new type certification new aircraft ( ex. Airbus A380 ) , Amended Type enfranchisement theoretical account or derivative ( antique: Airbus A350 – 1000 ) and important major alterations to the type design ( antique. A330-200 Passenger to Freighter ) To allow and EASA Type Certificate, aircraft industry shall obtain foremost a DOA ( Design Organisation Approval ) covering the relevant merchandise ( aircraft type ) and besides shall show its capableness to plan, attest and guarantee the continued airworthiness of its merchandises in conformity with the enfranchisement specification ( CS-25 ) and Environmental protection ( CS-34, CS-36 ) demands. To industry and release to service series aircraft, industry must so obtain a POA ( Production Organisation Approval ) and set up relationship between DOA & A ; POA.Flight TrialFlight proving procedure could be potentially really hazardous and highly expensive due to unanticipated job s consequence in loss of life ( both crew and people on the land ) and harm to the aircraft. Due to this grounds modern flight testing is one of the most safety witting operations. Typically there are two types of flight trial plans, military and commercial. There is a important difference between military and commercial flight proving where commercial trial plans are carried out to attest the aircraft meets all needed safety and public presentation demands where as military plans involved in aircraft industries planing and edifice aircraft to authorities contracts to run into specific mission capablenesss. Initiation of flight trial readyings for both commercial and military aircraft commence good befo re the aircraft is ready to wing, although due to the fact that the authorities is funding the military undertakings, engagement of military flight proving is commence much early-on in the design and proving procedure.Historical Data AnalysisHarmonizing to historical grounds, operational and airframe related hazard of a serious accident causes is about one per million flight hours but failure jobs occurred by aircraft systems jobs is about 10 per centum of this entire sum. Therefore, it is sensible to reason that systems mistakes should non allowed serious accidents and it is therefore possible for a new design to alter the chance of such a serious accident non to be greater than one per ten million flight hours ( 1 x 10-7 ) . But it is non possible to place whether the mark can be met until all the aircraft systems has been numerically jointly analysed. Due to this ground it ‘s assumed that there are about 100 possible failure conditions present randomly which could forestall safe flight and landing of the aircraft. By sharing out every bit the mark allowable hazard ( ten 10-7 ) every bit among these conditions risk allotment consequence in non greater than 1 ten 10-9 to each. Therefore the upper hazard bound for failure conditions would be 1 ten 10-9 for each hr of flight which approximates chance value for the term â€Å" Highly Improbable † .Analytic techniquesAssorted analytical techniques have been developed in line with the above subject to help Airworthiness Authority and the applier to transport out a safety analysis, which could profit systematic qualitative analysis. This technique besides of import for analyst to execute quantitative appraisal when required. The Advisory Material Joint ( AMJ ) identifies both qualitative and quantitative analytical attacks which could used to back up JAA personal or assist applier to find the conformity with the demand. And it besides provides counsel for finding if or when a peculiar analysis to be conducted. The intended demand of the analytical tools is supplement but non to replace operational and technology opinion.Legal IssuesTo hold a basic apprehension of the legal demand is critical for air power professionals such as pilots, mechanics, air traffic accountants and executives. National and international Torahs or ordinances regulate all facets of civil air transit. To guarantee the effectivity of the legal model and enforceability of safety facets, the undermentioned basic groups of ordinances have been developed. Airworthiness Regulations to specify: Applicable processs, and Minimum safety, proficient and public presentation demands to be realised and maintain in the aircraft design. Ex-husband: EASA Part 21 ( aircraft enfranchisement processs ) , Part M and Part 145 ( aircraft care ) & A ; CS-25 ( design codification for big aircraft ) Operational ordinances: to specify the basic regulations air traffic has to follow and the lower limit demands for certain sorts of operations, for the aircraft and the individual or the administration. Ex-husband: EU-OPS1 Commercial Air Transportation After an accident there is two chief probes ( proficient & A ; legal proceedings ) will be conducted. Legal proceedings consist with ; Civil proceedings which involved in civil claims for amendss by victims and/or their relations, Commercial proceedings which involved in claims for amendss by client and/or its insurance company ( Aircraft fix / loss, Reduction in aircraft residuary value, Loss of gross ) and eventually Criminal prosecution, in instance of decease / serious hurt, in certain legal powers ( ex: France, Germany ) .Continued AirworthinessHarmonizing to ICAO Doc No 9760-2001 continued Airworthiness defined as ‘The procedures that guarantee, at any clip in its life, an aircraft complies with the proficient conditions fixed to the issue of the Certificate of Airworthiness and is in a status for safe operation. ‘ And recommends ‘Contracting provinces are required to hold a system that ensures aircraft are in a status for safe operation. ‘ F. Florio ( 2006 ) stated that safety is the most of import thing which has to be guaranting every clip in every flight operations and all the aeroplanes must be in an air worthy province which is suited for fly. In other words all the aircrafts must accomplish and execute all the processs in the Airworthiness Directive manuals. Furthermore, Florio ( 2006 ) besides mentioned that continued airworthiness can be rely on two factors Administration operators CareCareCare can be explained as changes, reviews, replacings of parts of the aircraft. This can be done by taking a record entry for each event such as replacing of LRUs ( Line replacement units ) . Harmonizing to Florio ( 2006 ) , Maintenance refers to as ‘preventive care, changes and fixs and debut of airworthiness directive ‘ and besides he stated that airworthiness is rely on the care programmes, which besides set up the replacing of clip alteration points, the inspection and repair engines, propellors and assorted parts of contraptions. Florio mentioned that as the portion of the merchandise type enfranchisements of aircraft airworthiness governments requires instructions for continued airworthiness therefore these instructions can be identified as the cardinal tools of the care because they are the basic care programmes. These care programmes must provide the demands of operational and care criterions. Harmonizing to EASA Maintenance programme ; Every aircraft shall be maintained in conformity with the care programmes approved by the competent authorization, which shall be sporadically reviewed and amended consequently. The care programme and any subsequent amendments shall be approved by the competent authorization The care programmes must set up conformity with ; Instruction manuals for go oning airworthiness issued by the type certification and the auxiliary type certification holder Instruction manuals issued by the complement authorization Instruction manuals issued by the proprietor or the operator and approved by the competent authorization.RepairsRepair procedure involves different administrations where, when the merchandises are non with aircraft industry, go oning airworthiness is governed by the province of register or the duties are spread out in administrations. Part 21A subpart M states the fix procedural demands for enfranchisement. Under Part 21 subpart Meter: Elimination of harm ( 21A.431 B ) Unrepaired amendss ( 21A.445 a ) Out of Part 21 subpart M Replacement without design activity ( 21A.431c ) Repairs design from an approved manual ( GM 21A.431 a ) Following diagrams illustrates the Airbus mending procedure.Figure 04: Airbus Repairing ProcedureThe Structure Repair Manual ( SRM ) describes general fix patterns, stuffs and typical fixs, allowed amendss, which are considered applicable to standard fixs. It ‘s approved by aircraft industry under DOR privilege.AlterationsChanges made to a peculiar aircraft after the issue of the airworthiness certification is a alteration. This could include alterations to the constructions, systems, powerplants, propellors etc†¦ Furthermore, permutation of one type for another besides considered as a alteration. Any alteration requires blessing from the Civil Aviation Authority straight or via an sanctioned administration. During a design alteration, inside informations of the alteration must be given to the authorization at early phase where so the alteration is classified as child or major medicine harmonizing to the nature of the probe. If the result of an probe requires amendments to the Certificate of Airworthiness or Flight Manual, authorization may necessitate following major alteration processs.Incidents and AccidentsFlight safety experts believe that series of events leads to incidents and accidents.Accidents – During the operation of an aircraft, consequence in happening associated with a individual being fatally or earnestly injured from the clip any individual boards to the aircraft with purpose of flight until the clip all individuals disembarked. Incidents – Other than accidents incidents besides occurrences which relate to the operation of the aircraft or could impact the safety of its operation.Aging AircraftCivil Aviation authorization has defined Aging aircrafts as ‘An operational aircraft nearing the terminal of its design life premises ‘ ( Alder P. 2005 ) . Aging aircraft can besides be called as an older aircraft every bit good. Since the aircraft are industry to supply long permanent services for so many old ages, all the aircraft must be in an airworthy province and have to be safe to wing. Thus care programmes must be carried out to keep the aircraft and besides aircraft must be operated harmonizing to the makers ‘ recommendation. Florio F. ( 2006 ) stated that, older aircraft require extra attention and the care programmes must be carried out in a more specific manner than the late manufactured aircraft. And besides he stated that due to the weariness, inadvertent harm and besides due to the environmental impairment more review in the constituents of the construction must necessitate in care programmes. So to keep airworthiness in older aircrafts makers of the flight has to supply operators with the specific plans. In older aircrafts usually each of the airplane constituents have to undergo some of the fixs, inspection and repairs, review care, preventative care and some replacings of constituents of the aircraft. Care records have to be update on a regular basis by the operator. Florio F. ( 2006 ) states that between operator of the aircraft, maker and besides the authorization there should be an unfastened communicating system. Furthermore he states that one time a job occur the operator or the proprietor of the aircraft must inform it to the maker and so maker has to fix the recommendations and has to update the appropriate programmes of continued air worthiness. After scrutiny of those care programmes the governments will O.K. those.Role of the RegulatorAirworthiness programmes consist of three chief functions. Regulator Implementer Research worker Civil Aviation Authority ( CAA ) , European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) and Federal Aviation Regulations ( FAR ) are illustrations for the ordinance governments. These governments generate and distribute the ordinances for aircraft operations for air power industry. Civil Aviation Authority is the UKs independent specializer regulator. Their chief duty is to supply universe taking air safety environment in the air power industry. Aircraft licensing, care of specific airworthiness direction systems and economic ordinances, consumer protection, policies for air space and puting up national safety criterions can be taken as cardinal function of CAA. Regulators involved in few or many functions as follows: Puting up the civil air power criterions and guarantee they are achieved. Regulates and encourages air hoses, airdromes and national air traffic services economic activities etc†¦ Manages the chief travel protection strategy. Ensure the air space is a common topographic point for all users by conveying civil and military involvements together. Rede the authorities on air power issues. Represents consumer involvements Conduct scientific and economic research. Provide specializer services by bring forthing statistical informations.Conclusion & A ; RecommendationAircraft airworthiness means conformity with applicable air power governments ordinances that defines the minimal safety degree of the aircraft, of the riders transported and the over flown districts and when designed and built harmonizing to applicable demands, when operated within its ‘ intended environment and within its ‘ quantified and declared restrictions and maintained in conformity with processs acceptable to the responsible Authority. Therefore, The Airworthiness is a corporate duty of operators, governments, industries and care administrations.