Bone Fractures Essays - Bone Fractures, Medicine, Clinical Medicine

Bone Fractures Essays - Bone Fractures, Medicine, Clinical Medicine Bone Fractures Bone Fractures Thank goodness it's only a fracture. I thought it might be broken. People often think that a fracture is less severe than a broken bone, but fractures are broken bones. To understand why bones break, it helps to know what bones do and what they are made of. The bones of the body form the human frame, or skeleton, which supports and protects the softer parts of the body. Bones are living tissue. They grow rapidly during one's early years, and renew themselves when they are broken. Bones have a center called the marrow, which is softer than the outer part of the bone. Bone marrow has cells that develop into red blood cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body and into white blood cells that help fight disease. Bones also contain the minerals calcium and phosphorus. These minerals are combined in a crystal-like or latticework structure. Because of their unique structure, bones can bear large amounts of weight. Bones are rigid, but they do bend, or give somewhat when an outside force is applied to them. When this force stops, bone returns to its original shape. For example, if you fall forward and land on your outstretched hand, there's an impact on the bones and connective tissue of your wrist as you hit the ground. The bones of the hand, wrist and arm can usually absorb this shock by giving slightly and then returning to their original shape and position. If the force is too great, however, bones will break, just as a plastic ruler breaks after being bent too far. The severity of a fracture usually depends on the force that caused the fracture. If the bone's breaking point has been exceeded only slightly, then the bone may crack rather than breaking all the way through. If the force is extreme, such as in an automobile collision or a gunshot, the bone may shatter. If the bone breaks in such a way that bone fragments stick out through the skin or a wound penetrates down to the broken bone, the fracture is called an open fracture. This type of fracture is particularly serious because once the skin is broken, infection in both the wound and the bone can occur. Because fractures hurt and make it difficult if not impossible to use the part of the body that is injured, most people call a doctor or seek emergency care quickly. In some cases, however, a person can walk on a fractured bone in the leg or foot, or use a fractured arm. Just because you can use your hand or foot does not mean that you do not have a fracture. If you think a bone may be broken, you should seek medical help immediately. A medical examination and x-rays are usually necessary to tell for sure and to ensure proper treatment. It is very important to control the movement of a broken bone. Moving a broken or dislocated bone can cause additional damage to the bone, nearby blood vessels, and nerves or other tissues surrounding the bone. That's why people giving first aid or emergency treatment may splint or brace your injury before medical treatment is given. Also, if there is an open wound it should be covered by a clean cloth or bandage on the way to further medical treatment. At the emergency room, clinic or doctor's office, the physician usually applies a splint to prevent further damage, to lessen the pain and to help stop any bleeding. The patient is usually asked to recline and elevate the injured part. Elevation helps to reduce bleeding and swelling. X-rays can help the physician determine whether there is a fracture, and if so, what type of fracture it is. If there is a fracture, the doctor will reduce it, by restoring the parts of the broken bone to their original positions. Reduction is the technical term for this process. All forms of treatment of broken bones follow one basic rule: the broken pieces must be put back into position and prevented from moving out of place until they are healed. Broken bone ends heal by knitting back together with new bone being formed around the edge of the broken parts. The specific method of treatment depends on the severity of the break, whether it is open or closed, and the specific bone involved. There are many different treatments for bone fractures. A plaster or fiberglass cast is the most common type of

How to Reference a Print Book †Harvard Style

How to Reference a Print Book – Harvard Style How to Reference a Print Book – Harvard Style We live in a high-speed digital world, but most colleges still have big buildings full of papery things called â€Å"books.† These â€Å"books† are full of useful information – like an offline version of the internet – that you can use in your work, so it’s important to know how to reference them correctly. Seriously though, as with most referencing systems, print books serve as the â€Å"default† for Harvard citations, with other source types (e-books, edited volumes, etc.) essentially variations of this format. Learning how to reference a print book correctly is therefore a great starting point when getting to grips with citations. Citations: Author Not Named in Text Harvard referencing uses author–date citations. When citing a source, you should include the author’s surname and date of publication in parentheses: The ‘80s were a great time for electronic music (Radcliffe, 2012). With this information, you help your reader to identify your influences and demonstrate your understanding of existing work in the subject area. Citations: Author Named in Text When the author is named in the text, you only need to include the year of publication in the accompanying citation. This should come immediately after the authors name: Radcliffe (2012) claims that electronic music became prominent in the 1980s. Citations: Page Numbers As well as the author name and year of publication, Harvard-style citations require page numbers for the relevant section when quoting a text: According to Radcliffe (2012, p. 64), the 1980s were a great time for electronic music. When the author is not named in the text, the citation (including page numbers) comes after the quotation: Critics claim that electronic music became particularly popular in the 1980s (Radcliffe, 2012, p. 127). Reference List As well as in-text citations, the other essential component of Harvard referencing is the reference list. This is a section at the end of your paper where you provide full bibliographic detail for every source cited (listed alphabetically by author surname). In the case of a print book, the details you need to include are: Surname, Initial(s). (Year) Title, Place of publication, Publisher. Note that the title is italicized. For the example citation above, the text would appear in your reference list as: Radcliffe, M. (2012) Music in the 1980s, New York, PMP Publications. Furthermore, if the book you’ve cited is not the first edition, this should be indicated after the title: Radcliffe, M. (2012) Music in the 1980s, 3rd ed, New York, PMP Publications. It’s vital to include complete and accurate information for all sources cited in your paper, as otherwise your reader may not be able to work out precisely who you’re referencing.